This indicates that the game was played in the former region of Castile since at least the beginning of the 17th century, with later references in works published in Spain and France appearing to corroborate this. They are adept at cheating at Veintiuna (Spanish for twenty-one), and the story mentions that the objective of the game is to reach 21 points without going over with Ace cards valued at one or 11. The earliest written reference to a card game named twenty-one is in the Spanish short story Rinconete y Cortadillo by Miguel de Cervantes, which was published in the 1613 collection Novelas ejemplares and believed to have been written between 16.Ĭervantes (best known for authoring Don Quixote) was a keen gambler himself, and the story includes two card cheats working in Seville. It is believed that twenty-one was first played in casinos in France around the start of the 18th century. Some historians claim that a version of the game first originated during the Roman era, for which wooden blocks were utilised to denote the numbers involved, although this has never been properly confirmed. While it is widely agreed that Blackjack evolved from an earlier, similar game known as twenty-one, the origins of twenty-one itself are somewhat disputed and unknown.
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